Sports Med 2009;
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 1. Physiological Aspects of Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 1.1 Effects of Exercise on the Motor Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 1.1.1 Biomechanical Consequences of the Accumulation of Metabolites within Muscle Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 1.1.2 Depletion of Glycogen Stores in Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 1.1.3 The Effect of Exercise on Muscle Membrane Structures: Excitation-Contraction Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 1.1.4 The Neuromuscular Junction and the Peripheral Nerve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 1.1.5 Differentiation of Muscle Fibre and Motor Unit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 1.2 Effects of Exercise on the Internal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 1.3 Effects of Exercise on the CNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 1.3.1 Afferents and Motor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 1.3.2 Central and Peripheral Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 1.3.3 The Motor Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 1.3.4 The Core Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 1.3.5 Branched Chain Amino Acids and the Serotoninergic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 1.3.6 The Role of Cytokines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 1.3.7 Brain Metabolism during Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 2. Psychological Aspects of Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 2.1 Sensations Related to Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 2.2 Rating Points of Exertion (Borg Scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 2.3 The Teleoanticipatory System and Other Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 2.3.1 The Teleoanticipatory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 2.3.2 The Central Governor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 2.3.3 The Catastrophic Failure Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 2.3.4 Arguments against the Central Governor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 2.4 The Effect of the Intensity of the Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 3. Disease and Fatigue during Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 3.1 Diseases in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 3.1.1 General Aspects of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 3.1.2 Cytokines and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 3.1.3 Some Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 3.1.4 Vascular and Heart Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 3.1.5 Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 3.1.6 Pulmonary Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 3.1.7 Anaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 REVIEW ARTICLE Sports Med 2009; 39 (5): 389-422 0112-1642/09/0005-0389/$49.95/0 a 2009 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.
منابع مشابه
Italian G8 Summit: a critical juncture for global health.
1 Lamb SE, Marsh J, Hutton J, Nakash R, Cooke MW, on behalf of the Collaborative Ankle Support Trial (CAST Group). Mechanical supports for acute, severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 373: 575–81. 2 Jones MH, Amendola AS. Acute treatment of inversion ankle sprains: immobilization versus functional treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 455: 169...
متن کاملLack of physical activity and excessive sitting: health hazards for young people?
Correspondence: Lars Bo Andersen Center for Research in Childhood Health Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Campusvej, 55 DK-5230 Odense, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Home Page: http://www.sdu.dk/ansat/lboandersen.aspx 3. Dietz WH. Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics. 1998;101:5...
متن کاملNo evidence for association of the systemic lupus erythematosus-associated ITGAM variant, R77H, with rheumatoid arthritis in the Caucasian population.
1 McCormack M, Briggs J, Hakim A, Grahame R. A study of joint laxity and the impact of the benign joint hypermobility syndrome in student and professional ballet dancers. J Rheumatol 2004;31:173–8. 2 Bowling A. Injuries to dancers: prevalence, treatment, and perceptions of causes. Br Med J 1989;298:731–4. 3 Sohl P, Bowling A. Injuries to dancers, prevalence, treatment and prevention. Sports Med...
متن کاملSports Med 2009;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 1. Purpose of the Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 2. Literature Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
متن کاملMedial tibial stress syndrome: conservative treatment options
Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), commonly known as "shin splints," is a frequent injury of the lower extremity and one of the most common causes of exertional leg pain in athletes (Willems T, Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(2):330-339, 2007; Korkola M, Amendola A, Phys Sportsmed 29(6):35-50, 2001; Hreljac A, Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(5):845-849, 2004). Although often not serious, it can be quite dis...
متن کاملSports Med 2009;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 1. The Placebo Effect in Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 2. Findings of Intervention Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
متن کامل